As a decorated member of the historic Buffalo Soldiers, Second Lieutenant Robert P. Madison decided to enroll in the architecture program at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, only to be summarily denied access based on his race. He returned in full dress uniform, with his Purple Heart from an injury sustained in Italy in World War II, and declared they could not keep him out of college. Under duress, he was admitted, but told by the administrators that he would never work as an architect. How wrong they were. Not long after graduation, Madison opened the first African-American architectural firm in Ohio in 1954, and only the 10th in the country. This was only the beginning of many accomplishments and contributions to American society. In Madison's own words: "Between my life and the lives of relatives I have known, we cover a range of more than 160 years. That's about two-thirds of the United States' history. My great grandmother was born before the Civil War. I was born five years after the end of the first World War. I've endured the most bitter, impersonal hatred. I've known the sweetest, most personal love.
